Publications & Information

A. Thesis

 1.  Boyd JB. "Observations on the development of the nasal capsule in man". Thesis, University of Liverpool, U.K., 1980.

B. Peer Reviewed Articles

 1.  Boyd JB, and Hall HC. Ameloblastoma - a tumor to recognize. Can. J. Surg. 24: 76-78, 1981

 2.  Boyd JB, Carlisle I, Thomson J and Zuker RM. A rapid and effective method of skin graft stabilization in burned children” Ann. Plast. Surg. 9: 400-401, 1982

 3.  Taylor, G.I., Corlett, R., and Boyd, J.B. The extended deep inferior epigastric flap. Br J Plast Surg 72(6): 751-764, 1983

 4.  Boyd JB, Taylor GI and Corlett R. The vascular territories of the superior epigastric and deep inferior epigastric arteries. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 73(1): 11-16, 1984

 5.  Taylor GI, Corlett R, and Boyd JB. The versatile deep inferior epigastric flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 37: 330-350, 1984

 6.  Rosen IB, Manktelow RT, Zuker RM, Boyd JB. Application of microvascular free osteocutaneous flaps in the management of post radiation recurrent oral cancer. Am. J. Surg. 150: 474-479, 1985

 7.  Boyd JB, Beatty SE. Primary care of lacerations and contusions. Perspectives in Emergency Care. 1: 16-35, 1986

 8.  Freiberg A, Boyd JB. Reduction mammoplasty: a comparison between the Robbins and Pontes techniques. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 78(6): 773-781, 1986

 9.  Munro IR, Boyd JB, Wainwright DJ. Effect of steroids in maxillofacial surgery. Ann. Plast. Surg. 17: 440-444, 1986

10.  Boyd JB, Manktelow RT, Hynes B, Cooper J, Rotstein LE. Extensive pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using multiple jejunal loops. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 40: 467-471, July-August, 1987

11.  Hynes B, Boyd JB, Gullane PJ, Manktelow RT, Rotstein LE. Free jejunal grafts in pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Can. J. of Surg. 30: 436-439, November 1987

12.  Gullane P, Havas T, Patterson A, Todd T, Boyd J.B. Pharyngeal reconstruction: current controversies. J. Otolaryngology 16: 169-173, June 1987

13.  Paletz J, Boyd JB, Rosen IB. Bilateral functional mandibular reconstruction using the iliac crest free flap. J. Reconst. Microsurg. 3: 175-179, July 1987

14.  Boyd JB. Mandibular reconstruction in the young adult. Mirosurg. 9:141-149, June 1988

15.  Gorenstein L, Boyd JB and Ross TM. Gracilis muscle repair of fistula after restorative proctocolectomy: report of two cases. Dis. Col. & Rect. 31: 730-734, Sept. 1988

16.  Hynes B and Boyd JB. The nasolabial flap: random or axial? Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 114 : 1389-1391, Dec. 1988

17.  Jewer DD, Boyd JB, Manktelow RT, Zuker RM, Rosen IB, Freeman JE, Gullane PJ and Rotstein LE. Orofacial and mandibular reconstruction with the iliac crest free flap: a review of 60 cases and a new method of classification. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 84 : 391-403, Sept. 1989

18.  Boyd JB and MacKinnon SE. An evaluation of the thoraco-umbilical pedicle flap in upper limb reconstruction. Ann. Plast. Surg. 22: 236-242, March 1989

19.  Swanson E, Boyd JB, Manktelow RT. The radial forearm flap: reconstructive applications and donor site deficit in 35 consecutive cases. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 85: 258-266, Feb 1989

20.  Boyd JB and Beatty SE. Primary care of lacerations. Wound Management 8: 10-11, April, 1989

21.  Ziesmann M, Boyd JB, Rosen IB, Robertson GA, Beecroft WA and Manktelow RT. The speaking jejunum after laryngopharyngectomy with neoglottic and neopharyngeal reconstruction . Am.J.Surg.158(4): 321-323 Oct. 1989

22.  Fenton AH, Mock D, Baker G, Freeman J and Boyd JB. Reconstruction of the resected mandible using titanium implants in a free vascularized graft. J. Can. Dent. Ass. 55(6): 465-468, June 1989

23.  Bowen V, Manktelow RT and Boyd JB. Microsurgical bone transplantation. Transplantation / Implantation Today. Sept. 1989

24.  Swanson E, Boyd JB, Mulholland RS. "The Radial Forearm Flap: a biomechanical study of the osteotomized radius" Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 85: 267-272, Feb, 1990

25.  Boyd JB, Rosen IB, Freeman J, Gullane PJ, Rotstein LE and Manktelow RT. The iliac crest and the radial forearm flap in vascularized oromandibular reconstruction. Am. J. Surg. 159: 301-308, March 1990

26.  Boyd JB, Markland B, Dorian D, Pang CY and Morris S. Surgical augmentation of skin blood flow and viability in a pig musculocutaneous flap model. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 86: 731-738, Oct.1990

27.  Bowen V, Manktelow RT and Boyd JB. Evaluating the injured hand quickly and effectively. Can. J. Diag. 7(2): 43-57, Feb. 1990

28.  Boyd JB. Reply to letter: 'Using the iliac crest free flap' by Urken et al Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 85: 1001-1002, 1990

29.  Boyd JB. Panel on mandibular reconstruction. The Society of Head and Neck Surgeons Newsletter. June 1990: p5-6

30.  Boyd JB. Invited discussion: The lateral arm fascial free flap: its anatomy and use in reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 86:1146-1147, 1990

31.  Davidson J, Boyd JB, Gullane PJ, Freeman J, Rotstein, Manktelow RT, and Rosen IB. A comparison of the results following oromandibular reconstruction using a radial forearm flap with radial bone versus a radial forearm flap with a metallic reconstruction plate. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 88: 201-208, August 1991

32.  Semple JL, Boyd JB, Farrow GA and Robinette MA. The cricket bat flap: a one-stage free forearm phalloplasty. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.88: 514-519, September 1991

33.  Wells MD, Boyd JB and Bulbul MA. Penile replantation. Ann. Plast. Surg. 26: 577-581, June 1991

34.  Dorion D, Boyd JB and Pang CY. Augmentation of transmidline skin perfusion and viability in transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flaps in the pig. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 88: 642-649, Oct. 1991

35.  Dorion, D. and Boyd, J.B. L'expansion du territoire vasculaire: une technique chirurgicale pour augmenter la survie d'un lambeau musculocutane. J. Otolaryngol. 20: 320-324, Oct. 1991

36.  Boyd JB. Suction assisted lipectomy: current status. Transplantation Today. 8: 45-48. Feb 1991

37.  Forrest CR, Boyd JB, Manktelow RT, Zuker RM and Bowen V. The free vascularized iliac crest tissue transfer: donor site complications associated with 82 cases. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 45: 89-93, March 1992

38.  Peat BG, Boyd JB and Gullane PJ. Massive pharyngo-cutaneous fistulae: salvage with 2-layer flap closure. Ann. Plast. Surg. 29: 153-156, 1992

39.  Boyd JB. References. Letter to the Editor, Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 89: 1184, June 1992

40.  Mounsay RA, Pang CY, Boyd JB, Forrest C. Augmentation of skeletal muscle survival in the latissimus dorsi porcine model using acute ischemic preconditioning. J. Otollaryngol. 21:315-20, Oct. 1992

41.  Boyd JB, Mulholland RS. Fixation of the vascularized bone graft in mandibular reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 91: 274-282, Feb 1993

42.  Mulholland S, Boyd JB, McCabe S, Gullane P, Rotstein L, Brown D and Yoo J. Recipient vessels in head and neck microsurgery: Radiation effect and vessel access. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 92: 628-632, Sept 1993

43.  Morris S, Lofchy N, Davidson G, Lindsay WK, Zuker RM, Boyd JB. Deferoxamine attenuates ischemia-induced reperfusion injury in the skin and muscle of myocutaneous flaps in the pig. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 92:120-132, July 1993

44.  Morris S, Pang CY, Anguo Zhong, Boyd JB, Forrest CR. Assessment of ischemia-induced reperfusion injury in the pig latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap model. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 92: 1162-1172, Nov 1993

45.  Dorion D, Anguo Zhong, Pang CY, Chiu C, Boyd JB, Forrest CR. Role of xanthine oxidase in reperfusion injury of skeletal muscles: evidence for species dependency. J. Applied Physiol. 75: 246-255, July 1993

46.  Boyd JB, Gullane PJ, Rotstein LE, Brown DH and Irish JC. Classification of the mandibular defect. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 92: 1266-1275, Dec 1993

47.  Boyd JB. Osteocutaneous free flap options in oral cavity reconstruction. Op. Techniques in Otol. Head Neck Surg.4: 104-114, June 1993

48.  Al Qattan M, Boyd JB. Complications in head and neck microsurgery. Microsurg. 14:187-195, Feb 1993

49.  Hong, C, Boyd JB. Simultaneous use of two free flaps in oromandibular reconstruction. Op. Techniques in Otol. Head Neck Surg. 4: 136-140, June 1993

50.  Al Qattan M, Boyd JB. Cancer recurrence in flaps used for oral and mandibular reconstruction. Op. Techniques in Otol. Head Neck Surg. 4: 157-158, June 1993

51.  Wells MD, Manktelow RT, Boyd JB and Bowen V. The medical leech: an old treatment revisited. Microsurg. 14: 183-186, Feb, 1993

52.  Boyd JB. Improved venous drainage of the radial artery forearm flap: use of the profunda cubitalis vein: Invited discussion. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 9: 284-285, July, 1993

53.  Boyd JB. The osteocutaneous upper arm flap for mandibular reconstruction. Invited discussion. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 9: 397-398, Nov, 1993

54.  Boyd JB, Morris SF, Rosen IB, Rotstein LE, Gullane PJ and Freeman JL. The 'through and through' oro-mandibular defect: rationale for aggressive reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 93: 44-53. Jan. 1994

55.  Smith A, Bowen VA, Boyd JB. Donor site deficit of the osteocutaneous radial forearm flap. Ann. Plast. Surg. 32: 372-376, April 1994

56.  Boyd JB. Use of reconstruction plates in conjunction with soft tissue free flaps for oromandibular reconstruction. Clin. Plast. Surg. 21: 69-77, Jan 1994

57.  Boyd JB, Mulholland S, Gullane P, Irish J, Kelly L, Rotstein L and Brown D. Lateral antebrachial cutaneous neurosome flaps in oral reconstruction: are we making sense? Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 93: 1350-1359, June 1994

58.  Boyd JB. Oromandibular reconstruction using a keel-shaped modification of the radial forearm osteocutaneous flap. Invited discussion. Ann. Plast. Surg. 33: 369-370, 1994

59.  Al Qattan M and Boyd JB. The use of a vena comitans as a vein graft in digital replantation. Microsurgery. 15: 149-149, Feb 1994

60.  Al Qattan MM and Boyd JB. “Mini paddle” for monitoring the fibular free flap in mandibular reconstruction. Microsurgery. 15: 153-154, Feb 1994

61.  Boyd, JB. The place of the iliac crest in vascularized oromandibular reconstruction. Microsurgery. 15: 250-256, April, 1994

62.  Irish JC, Gullane PJ, Gentili F, Freeman JE, Boyd JB, Brown D and Rudka J. Tumors of the skull base: outcome and survival analysis of 77 cases. Head and Neck. 16: 3-10 Jan/Feb, 1994

63.  Mounsey, RA, Boyd, JB: Mandibular reconstruction with osseo-integrated implants into he free vascularized radius. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 94: 457-464, Sept., 1994

64.  Boyd JB, Mulholland S, Davidson J, Gullane P, Rotstein L, Brown D, Freeman, J and Irish J. The free flap and plate in oromandibular reconstruction: long term review and indications. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 95: 1018-1028, 1995

65.  Irish JC, Gullane PJ, Gilbert RW, Brown DH, Birt BD and Boyd JB. Primary mandibular reconstruction with the titanium hollow screw reconstruction plate: evaluation of 51 cases. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 96: 93-99, 1995

66.  Neligan P and Boyd JB. Reconstruction of Skull Base Defects. Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 22: 71-77, 1995

67.  Pang CY, Yang RZ, Zhong A, Xu N, Boyd B and Forrest CR. Ischemic preconditioning protects against skeletal muscle infarction in the pig. Cardiovasc. Res. 29: 782-788, 1995

68.  Wells MD, Bowen CVA, Manktelow RTM, Graham, J. and Boyd JB. Lower extremity free flaps: a review. Can. J. Surg. 39: 233-9, 1996

69.  Chiodo, Al A., Forrest, C. R., Pang, C. Y., Neligan, P. C. N. and Boyd, J. B. An anatomic and hemodynamic study of the vascularized pig fibula bone flap model. J. Otolaryngol. 25: 103-107, 1996

70.  Boyd, J. B. Mandible reconstruction with the radial forearm flap. Operative Techniques in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 3(4): 241-247, Nov. 1996

71.  Neligan, P.C., Mulholland, S., Irish, J., Gullane, P.J., Boyd, J.B., Gentili, F., Brown, D. and Freeman, J. Flap selection in cranial base reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.98: 1159-1166 (+ Discussion 1167-1168), Dec, 1996

72.  Boyd, J. B. Discussion of: Immediate Reconstruction of the Central Segment of the Mandible Using the Masseter Osteomuscular Flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 99:1755-1757, 1997

73.  Shpitzer, T., Neligan, Boyd, J. B., P.C., Gullane, P.J., Gur, and Freeman, J.E. Leg morbidity and function following fibular free flap harvest. Ann Plast Surg. 38(5): 460-4, May 1997

74.  Shpitzer, T., Neligan, P.C., Gullane, P.J., Freeman, J.E., Boyd, J.B., Rotstein, L.E., Brown, D., Irish, J.C. and Gur, E. Oromandibular reconstruction with the fibular free flap. Arch. Otolaryngol. — Head Neck Surg. 123: 939-944, 1997

75.  Boyd, J.B. Anchors aweigh. Safety and efficacy report from the PSEF device and technique assessment (DATA) committee. Plast Reconstr Surg. 102: 1269-1271, 1998

76.  Shpitzer, T., Neligan, P.C., Gullane, P.J., Boyd, J. B., Gur, E., Rotstein, L.E., Brown, D.H., Irish, J.C. and Freeman, J.E. The free iliac crest and fibula flaps in vascularized oromandibular reconstruction: comparison and long-term evaluation. Head Neck. 21(7): 639-47, Oct 1999

77.  Chiodo, A.A., Gur, E., Pang, C.Y., Neligan, P.C. and Boyd, J.B. Binhammer, P. M., and Forrest, C.R., The vascularized pig fibula bone flap model: effect of segmental osteotomies and internal fixation on blood flow. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 1004-1012, 2000

78.  Stelnicki EJ, Boyd JB, Nott RL, Barnavon Y, Uecker C, Henson T. Early treatment of severe mandibular hypoplasia with distraction mesenchymogenesis and bilateral free fibula flaps. J Craniofac Surg. 12(4):337-48, Jul 2001

79.  Mobley SR, Boyd JB, Astor FC. Repair of a large septal perforation with a radial forearm free flap: brief report of a case. Ear Nose Throat J. 80(8): 512, Aug 2001

80.  Avital S, Rosin D, Brasesco O, Saber AA, Gupta A, Boyd B, Rosenthal RJ. Laparoscopic mobilization of an omental flap for reconstruction of an infected sternotomy wound. Ann Plast Surg. 49(3):307-11Sep 2002

81.  Ross DC, Manktelow RT, Wells MT, Boyd JB. Tendon Function After Replantation: Prognostic Factors and Strategies to Enhance Total Active Motion. Ann Plast Surg. 51(2):141-146, Aug 2003

82.  Boyd J. B. Reconstruction of the Skull Base Defect. Seminars in Plastic Surgery. 17(3):283-289, 2003

83.  Acosta HL, Stelnicki EJ, Boyd JB, Barnavon Y and Ueker C. Vertical Mesenchymal Distraction and Bilateral Free Fibula Transfer for Severe Treacher Collins Syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 113 (4): 1209-1217, 2004

84.  Boyd JB. Invited discussion: Shape-modified method using the radial forearm perforator flap for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the scalp (J Reconstr Microsurg 2005;21:21-24). J Reconstr Microsurg. 21(2):131-2, Feb 2005

85.  Boyd JB. Invited discussion: A Cadaver Study in Preparation for Facial Allograft Transplantation in Humans: Part I. What Are Alternative Sources for Total Facial Defect Coverage? Plast Reconstr Surg 117(3): 873-875, 2006

86.  Caminer DM, Newman MI and Boyd, JB. Angular nerve: New insights on innervation of the corrugator supercilii and procerus muscles. J of Plast Reconstr & Aes Surg 59, 366–372, 2006

87.  Boyd JB, Umansky J, Samson M, Boyd D and Stahl K. Robotic harvest of internal mammary vessels in breast reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 22(4): 261-266, 2006

88.  Boyd JB. Invited discussion: the influence of reduction mammaplasty techniques in synchronous breast cancer diagnosis and metachronous breast cancer prevention. Ann Plast Surg. 57(2):133, Aug 2006

89.  Boyd JB. Plastic Surgery in the Rapid Weight Loss Patient. Obesity Care Special Edition: Supplement to General Surgery News, 74-81, June 2007

90.  Boyd JB, Gelfand M, Da Lio A, Shaw W, Watson JP. Comparison of superior gluteal artery musculocutaneous and superior gluteal artery perforator flaps for microvascular breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 123(6):1641-7, Jun, 2009

91.  Louie O, Dickinson B, Granzow J, Boyd JB. Reconstruction of Total Laryngopharyngectomy Defects with Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flaps. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19697285 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

92.  Documenting the density of innervation in a sensate radial forearm flap based on the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Boyd JB, Kim SS, Granzow J, Liu T. Plast Reconstr Surg. 123(6):216e-7e, Jun, 2009

C. Books

 1.  Blitzer, A, Binder, WJ, Boyd JB and Carruthers, A. Management of Facial Lines and Wrinkles Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2000

D. Book Chapters

 1.  Boyd JB, Manktelow RT "Free vascularized bone grafts” In "Reconstructive microsurgery." ed. Prof. G. Brunelli. Masson, 1988

 2.  Boyd JB. "Deep circumflex iliac groin flaps" Chapter In: "Microvascular Surgery in the Head and Neck” Ed. S.R. Baker. Churchill Livingstone Inc., New York 1989

 3.  Taylor GI, Corlett R, and Boyd JB. "The deep inferior epigastric island musculocutaneous flap." In "Encyclopedia of flaps." Ed. Strauch, B., Vasconez, L.O. and Hall-Findlay, E.J. Little Brown and Co., Boston, 1990 (April)

 4.  Boyd JB. Reconstruction of the mandible. Chapter in "Microvascular surgery and free tissue transfer - a guide to current practice." Pages: 182-199. Ed. D.S. Soutar. London, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London, 1993

 5.  Gullane P, Boyd B, Brown D, Mulholland S, Irish J and Rotstein L. Primary mandibular reconstruction: using plate and flap. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Head and Neck Cancer, San Francisco, 26-30 July 1992. Volume III. Eds. J.T. Johnson and M.S. Didolkar. Excerpta Medica. International Congress Series 1009. Amsterdam—London—New York—Tokyo, 1993

 6.  Boyd JB. Reconstruction of the pharynx and the cervical esophagus using free jejunal transfer. Chapter in: Esophageal Surgery. Eds: Pearson FG, Deslauriers J, Ginsberg RJ, Hiebert CA, McKneally MF and Urschel HC. Pages 774-786. Churchill Livingstone, New York. 1995

 7.  Moon HK, Caminer D and Boyd JB. Unhealed Perineal Wounds. In Clinical Decision Making in Colorectal Surgery. Igaku-Shoin, New York. Eds. Wexner, S. and Vernava III, A.M. 1995

 8.  Boyd JB. Composite reconstruction of floor of mouth defects, in: Recent advances in plastic surgery 5. Eds. Jackson, IT and Sommerlad, B. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. 1996

 9.  Mulholland, R.S., Gullane, P.J., Neligan and Boyd, J.B. Fibular Flap. In Mandibular Reconstruction. Ed. A. Komisar. Thieme. New York, 1997

10.  Boyd, J. B. Innervated Radial Forearm Flap in: Grab’s Encyclopedia of Flaps, 2nd Edition. Eds. Strauch, Vasconez, and Hall-Findlay. Lippencott-Raven, New York, 1997

11.  Boyd, J. B. Radial Forearm Flap for Pharyngeal Reconstruction in: Grab’s Encyclopedia of Flaps, 2nd Edition. Eds. Strauch, Vasconez, and Hall-Findlay. Lippencott-Raven, New York, 1997

12.  Boyd, J. B. Penile Reconstruction using the Cricket Bat Flap in: Grab’s Encyclopedia of Flaps, 2nd Edition. Eds. Strauch, Vasconez, and Hall-Findlay. Lippencott-Raven, New York, 1997

13.  Boyd, J. B. Sensation Bearing Flaps in: Management of Peripheral Nerve Problems, Second Edition. R. Lampart (Sr. Ed.), G. Omer, A. Van Beek, M. Spinner (Eds). W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1998

14.  Boyd J. B. Facelifting in: The Management of Facial Lines and Wrinkles. Blitzer, Boyd, Binder and Carruthers. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2000

15.  Connell, A. and Boyd, J. B. Dermabrasion in: The Management of Facial Lines and Wrinkles. Blitzer, Boyd, Binder and Carruthers. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2000

16.  Boyd J. B. Scapular Flaps in: Maxillofacial Surgery. Eds. Ward Booth, Schendel and Hausamen. Harcourt Health Sciences, London, 1999.

17.  Boyd J. B. Iliac Crest Flaps in: Maxillofacial Surgery. Eds. Ward Booth, Schendel and Hausamen. Harcourt Health Sciences, London, 1999.

18.  Boyd J. B. Mandibular Reconstruction in: The Unfavorable Result in Plastic Surgery. Eds. Goldwyn and Cohen. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001

19.  Boyd J. B. Surgery of the Mandible. In Plastic Surgery: Indications, Operations and Outcomes Eds. Coleman, Achauer, Eriksson, Guyuron et al. Mosby. Philadelphia, 2000.

20.  Boyd J. B. Scapular Flaps in: Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Edition. Eds. Ward Booth, Schendel and Hausamen. Harcourt Health Sciences, London, 2004

21.  Boyd J. B. Iliac Crest Flaps in: Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Edition. Eds. Ward Booth, Schendel and Hausamen. Harcourt Health Sciences, London, 2004

22.  Granzow J.W. and Boyd J.B. Grafts, Local and Regional Flaps in: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Ed. Siemionow, M. Springer Publishing Company. New York. 2009

23.  Boyd J.B. Burn Trauma in: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Ed. Siemionow, M. Springer Publishing Company. New York. 2009.